Andalas Tree

Morus macruora, or the Andalas Tree, is known as pohonandalasin the Indonesian language.  It is found only in the West Java province and the southern part of the province of West Sumatra. The Minang ethnic group in West Sumatra use the tree for the pillars, floors, and walls of their traditional houses. Sometimes they also make furniture from it. The importance it enjoys in the Minang culture makes it quite expensive.

The tree can reach 40 meters in height and 45 centimetres in diameter. Its branchless trunk may reach a height of 15 meters, which makes it good for timber. The leaves resemble these of the mulberry, except that their surface is hairy like the stalk. The hairs can cause itching. Its fruits grow in bunches, are red when mature, and taste like the mulberry.

The tree grows in the highlands from 900 to 1,600 meters above sea level. It needs moderate levels of rainfall and fertile land with volcanic ashes. People nowadays must travel for days to find the trees in the woods, an indication that its population has considerably dwindled. It produces fruits twice a year. The biggest fruit season lasts from July to December.

Anggrek Cane (Anggrek Tebu )

Aggrek cane (Grammatophyllum speciosum) is the largest orchid, the largest and most severe among other types of orchids. In a grove of mature, cane orchids can weigh more than 1 ton and have panicles of up to 3 meters long with a diameter of about 1.5-2 cm panicles. That is why the plant is worthy of the title as the largest and heaviest orchids or giant orchid.

Orchid cane is often referred to as tiger orchid (although ambiguous Grammatophyllum Scriptum who have similar names), tiger orchids and orchid queen. In English known as Sugar Cane Orchid, Giant Orchid, or Queen of the Orchids. In Latin (scientific name) cane orchid called Grammatophyllum speciosum synonymous with Grammatophyllum cominsii (Rolfe 1891), G. fastuosum (Lindl. & Paxton Paxton 1851 & 1851), G. giganteum (Rchb ex Blume. 1877), G. macranthum (Rchb. 1862), G. pantherinum (Rchb. 1878), G. pantherinum (Rchb.f 1878), G. papuanum (JJ Sm.), G. sanderianum (hort. 1893), G. wallisii (Rchb. 1877), Pattonia macrantha (Wight 1852).

Characteristic features. Sugarcane is the main characteristic orchid large size. Malai can grow to a height of 2.5 - 3 meters with a diameter of about 1.5-2 cm. In each panicle can have dozens, even a hundred flowers are still one of about 10 cm in diameter flowers. This figure is similar to the stalks of sugar cane because it was then the orchid is known as cane orchids.

The orchid cane (Grammatophyllum speciosum) is yellow with brown spots, red or blackish. The orchid cane durable and not easily wither. Although it has been cut from a giant flower stalks are super big and heavy is able to survive two months.

Distribution and Conservation. Orchid plant cane spread naturally from Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and New Guinea. In Indonesia cane orchids scattered ulai of the island of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Sulawesi, Maluku, to Papua.

Orchid plant sugarcane (Grammatophyllum speciosum) grows on the sidelines or at the base of large trees in the lowland tropical. Cane orchids need direct sunlight.

The uniqueness and rarity of the largest and heaviest orchid plant makes orchid cane became one orchid is protected in Indonesia.

Among buddy, especially lovers of orchids, there has been cultivating sugarcane types of orchids this?

Scientific classification: Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Tribe epidendroideae: Cymbidieae Genus: Grammatophyllum Species: Grammatophyllum speciosum.

Binomial name: Grammatophyllum speciosum (Blume 1825). Indonesia Name: Orchid cane

Reference: orchids.wikia.com; anggrek.org (picture

Nepenthes

The genus Nepenthes (Nepenthes, English: Tropical pitcher plant), which is included in the familia monotipik, consisting of 130 species and hybrids do not include natural and artificial. This genus is a carnivorous plant in the Old World tropics, now includes the state of Indonesia, the People's Republic of southern China, Indochina, Malaysia, the Philippines, Madagascar west, Seychelles, New Caledonia, India, Sri Lanka, and Australia. Habitat with the largest species is on the island of Borneo and Sumatra.

This plant can reach a height of 15-20 m by climbing other plants, although there are some species that are not climbing. At the ends of leaf tendrils are modified to form a pocket, which is a tool trap used to eat the prey (eg insects, leeches, frogs child) which entered into.

In general, Nepenthes has three kinds of bags, the bag top, bottom bags, and bags rosette. Pockets above are pockets of mature plants, usually funnel-shaped or cylindrical, do not have wings, does not have an attractive color, part tendrils rear-facing and can be wrapped around the branches of other plants, pockets on more often to catch animals that fly like mosquitoes or flies, bags this type rarely even found in some species, such as N. ampullaria. Bag bottom is a bag that is generated on the part of young plants usually tergelatak on the ground, has two wings that serve as a tool for soil insects like ants to climb up the mouth of the bag and finally plunged into liquid berenzim inside, while pouch rosette, have a shape the same as under the bag, but the bag rosette grows on the leaf rosette, examples of species that have this type of bag is ampullaria N. and N. gracilis. Some plants are sometimes issued a middle bag shaped like a mix bag bottom and top bag.

This plant has a very broad dissemination of the coast to the highlands, for this Nepenthes are divided into two types, namely the type of highland and lowland types, although most species grow in the highlands. Species recorded grows at highest altitudes is N. lamii that is at an altitude of 3,520 m.

Most species grow in places with high humidity and light with a medium to high level. Some species such as N. ampullaria grow in the shade with not too much light, while N. mirabilis grows place open with abundant light. Soil place to grow Nepenthes are usually poor in nutrients and acid. Some species grow in places that are highly toxic to other plants such as N. rajah growing on soils with heavy metals and N. albomarginata that grow on the sandy beach in the zones affected by the spray of the sea, some species grow as epiphytes growing N. inermis without contact with the ground.

Sandalwood Tree

Sandalwood (Santalum album) or often called sandalwood fragrance is producing trees sandalwood oil and sandalwood.

In the archipelago, the type is also known by various names, among others: Candana (Minangkabau) Tindana, Sindana (Dayak), Candana (Sunda), Candana, Candani (Java), Candhana, Candhana lakek (Madura), Candana (BeIitung), Ai nitu, Dana (Sumbawa), Wood ata (FIores), Sundana (Sangir), Sondana (North Sulawesi), Ayu luhi (Gorontalo), Candana (Makassar), Ai nituk (Bread), Hau meni, Ai kamelin (East), Kamenir (Wetar) and Maoni (Blend).

Parasite

At the beginning of life, this plant is a parasite. For Cendana pengecambahannya process requires the host tree to support growth.

This is because the root system is not able to support Cendana own life. This makes this type is difficult to be cultivated.

Plants that are usually used as host by sandalwood include Acacia, Albasia, Dalbergia, Inga, Pongamia and Reed.

Spreading Sandalwood Tree

Sandalwood is found growing in Indonesia, especially on the island of Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. If the terms of the Dutch language (sandelhout) and English (sandalwood), this tree is believed to have descended from the region there.

It can be known from the nickname of Sumba Island, the Sandalwood Island. This nickname was brought hereditary since the Dutch colonial era to the present.

Since the fifteenth century, sandalwood tree is the main attraction for Europeans to get it. Therefore, the type of tree it was assigned as the identity of the flora of East Nusa Tenggara province.

Sandalwood whose quality is considered the most good is derived from Mysoram areas in South India. In Indonesia, sandalwood from Timor also appreciated quite expensive.

But now, sandalwood fragrance is very rare, so the price is more expensive. Instead, use jenggi sandalwood (Santalum spicatum).

Although they contain different concentrations of chemicals and therefore also different levels of fragrance.
The characteristics of Sandalwood Tree

Sandalwood grows well in areas that have obvious differences in climate between the dry and rainy seasons. It can be grown in the plains to a height of 1,500 meters above sea level. Cendana also often found in the area full of rocks or volcanic rocks that continue the flow of water.

Cendana including family Santalaceae of the order Loranthaceae. It can grow to a height of 11-15 meters, with a trunk diameter of 25-30 cm.

Sandalwood has a round rod and colored started grayish brown to red brown. Branch began to grow on the bottom half of the tree.

Primary branches of this type are very irregular, often bent and have many branches. Dahan bottom tend to grow hanging.

The leaves are opposite each elliptical to oblong (oval) with two pointed ends.

There are two type

There are two types of Cendana, the Cendana Red and White Sandalwood.

Red sandalwood grows in areas Funan and India, while the White sandalwood grows in East Nusa Tenggara, among others, on the island of Flores, Alor, Sumba, Solor, Adonara, Lomblen, Pantar, Timor, Rote and Sabu.

In terms of quality, both are the same. Red sandalwood is comparatively less fragrant and the quality is not good, so it was not too sold traded.

utilization Cendana

The sweet smell of sandalwood typical derived from wood. Therefore, the timber often used for spices, ingredients incense, aromatherapy, perfume mixtures, as well as the keris's sheath.

Sandalwood is also widely used as building materials, furniture, craft or crafts, works of art, to the rosary.

Beyond these things, there is still a sandalwood tree benefits, particularly for health. It is useful for therapeutic ingredients of herbal medicine.

The part that is usually used drug is wood, leather and sandalwood oil

Kantil ( cempaka putih )

Kantil (Cempaka Putih) is a plant that has white flowers and fragrant with trees up to 30 meters high.Magnolia flowers that have a Latin name Michelia albaand is still closely related to interest JEUMPA (cempaka yellow) This is a typical plant ( fauna identity ) Central Java province.

Myths that developed in the community, the scent of magnolia flowers typical highly favored by kuntilanak, a kind of refined makhlus female. Kuntilanak, according to this myth, often makes the magnolia tree (white frangipani) as the house where he lived. Apart from these myths, magnolia has a tradition of strong value for the Java community, especially in Central Java in both the mating and death.


Magnolia plant has several local names in the various regions in Indonesia. Local names include the following cempaka white, magnolia (Java), cempaka bodas(Sunda), Campaka (Madura), JEUMPA Gadeng (Aceh),Campaka putieh (Minangkabau), Sampaka mopusi(Mongondow), interest misspelled kebo (Makassar) ,flowers misspelled mapute (Bugis), capaka bobudo(Ternate), capaka bobulo (Tidore).

In English, the fauna of Central Java identity is calledWhite champaca . In the Philippines plant is known asTsampakang puti . In the language of scientific (Latin) magnolia flower called Michelia alba synonymous withMichelia longifolia (Blume).

Traits. Trees have a magnolia that are capable of reaching 30 meters and has a woody stem. In the branches white cempaka usually covered with fine hairs grayish.

Leaf magnolia (cempaka white) single oval and green .Petiole rather long, reaching almost half the length of the leaves. Magnolia ( Michelia alba ) has white flowers that have a distinctive fragrance. Plants are mythologized as the home kuntilanak is uncommon to have fruit because it is done vegetative propagation.

Habitat and Distribution. Trees magnolia (cempaka white) spread from the Asian mainland to the tropical islands in the Pacific region. In Indonesia, this plant floral identity of Central Java province have spread to almost all parts of Indonesia.

Magnolia plant habitats include tropical areas in the lowlands to an altitude of 1,600 meters above sea level.

Benefits and Uses. Flowers Kantil have strong traditional values for the Java community, especially in Central Java. Flowers Kantil much in use at the marriage ceremony is mainly for decoration bun and a dagger. In addition magnolia flowers are also used at funerals and sow flowers (nyekar).

In the Java language, meaning magnolia flower hanging just like this. Flowers Kantil have ritual significance 'kemantilkantil' which means always remember wherever they are and always have a close relationship despite the different nature.

Medically, flower, stem, leaf magnolia ( Michelia alba ) contains alkaloids mikelarbina and liriodenina which have properties as an expectorant and diuretic . Because the content is dipunyainya, magnolia believed to be an alternative medicine for various diseases such as bronchitis, cough, fever, vaginal discharge, inflammation, prostate, urinary tract infection, and difficult urination.

Unfortunately, the efficacy of which is owned by the white flowers of this unexplored cempaka optimally. So that even now starting to anyone trying to cultivate these plants but its utility as much for spiritual events and traditions.

Listening medical myths and content of the accompanying fauna identity of Central Java province, now depends on each of us. Is it trust this plant as a home kuntilanak or even be aware of medical efficacy as an alternative medicine that is very useful.

Scientific classification . Kingdom: Plantae; Division: Magnoliophyta; Class: Magnoliopsida; Order: magnoliales; Family: Magnoliaceae; Genus: Michelia;Species: Michelia alba . Latin name: Michelia alba .Synonyms: Michelia longifolia (Blume). Indonesia Name: Kantil, Cempaka Putih.

Cempaka Rough Woods

Cempaka rough woods, typical flora West Sulawesi

Kidnesia.com It turned out good for carving wood and building materials not Cuma teak, forest cempaka rough was equally good. Flora called latin Elmerrillia ovalis flora is typical of West Sulawesi. The craftsmen of wood carving Toraja very fond of plants that have a Latin name another Elmerrillia ovalis (Miq.) Dandy, Elmerrillia vrieseana (Miq.) Dandy, Magnolia ovalis (Miq.) Figlar, Talauma ovalis Miq., And Talauma vrieseana Miq.

Cempaka rugged forests can grow to as high as 45 meters and diameter of the base of the main stem about 2 meters. The trunk is straight, cylindrical, light brown, and in certain parts no peeling bark.

The leaves are manifold single leaf. This is because each stalk leaves only support one leaves alone. Leaves cempaka rugged forests composed of leaf blade and petiole. Short leaf stalk is in the base of the leaf. Oval shape of its leaves. The underside of the leaves are fine hairs evenly. Bone leaves a rough forest cempaka has pinnate structure. The base of the leaves of this plant are not bertoreh.

Flowers cempaka rugged forest at a glance like frangipani. Crown color yellow or white flowers with petals that are usually an odd number. Tool breeding in the crowns of flowers. The fruit is oval-shaped with four seeds in each fruit. This plant breeding generative seed.

Frangipani tree forests used to living rough on the ground with an altitude of 1000 m above sea level. The plant can also live in the tropical forests. Its natural habitat is lying areas with enough water supply. Spreading region covering Sulawesi and Maluku. Plants are still closely with this yellow frangipani, not including rare plants. These plants are still quite a lot in the area of ​​origin, Sulawesi and Maluku.

With still pretty much sum cempaka rugged forests, flora typical of West Sulawesi is a favorite of the craftsmen carving and buildings in Toraja.

Rafflesia Arnoldii

Rafflesia arnoldii is a parasitic plant, without roots or leaves. The main body of the plant resides inside the host plant. The only visible parts are the flowers, which burst through the host plant’s bark as compact buds, and later the fruits. The flowers are up to 1 m in diameter, and their flesh is reddish-brown with white spots. Each flower is either male or female and consists of five lobes inserted on a cup-like structure. In the centre of the cup is a column with a disk. The anthers (male parts) or styles (female parts) are situated underneath the disk. The fruits are berries with minute seeds.

It is likely that only damaged roots or stems of a new host can be infected by seedlings of Rafflesia. The foetid smell of the flowers attracts carrion-flies (of the genera Lucilia and Sarcophaga). The pollen adheres to the backs of the flies, which do not seem to receive any reward from the plant.

Two varieties are known, the more common being R. arnoldii var. arnoldiifrom Sumatra and Borneo, the other one being R. arnoldii var. atjehensiswhich is only known from north Sumatra. The main difference between the two is that the central disk (or ramenta) is partly missing at the base of the central column in R. arnoldii var. atjehensis.

A race for discovery

The first botanist to find a specimen of a Rafflesia was the French explorer Louis Auguste Deschamps (1765-1842). He was a member of a French scientific expedition to Asia and the Pacific. During the expedition he spent three years on Java, where in 1797 he collected a specimen of what is now known as R. patma. During the return voyage in 1798, his ship was taken by the British, with whom France was at war, and all his papers and notes were confiscated. They did not see the light of day until 1954 when they were rediscovered in the Natural History Museum, London.

The British botanist Joseph Arnold (1782-1818) and the statesman Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (1781-1826, founder of modern Singapore) collected a specimen of another Rafflesia species found by a Malay servant in Sumatra in 1818. Arnold contracted a fever and died soon after the discovery. Lady Raffles, who had also been present when the specimen was collected, finished the colour drawing that Arnold had started of the plant, and it was sent to Joseph Banks, along with the preserved material. Banks passed all the materials on to Robert Brown (1773-1858) of the British Museum and Kew's resident botanical artist Franz Bauer (1758-1840).

William Jack (1795-1822) who was Arnold’s successor in Sumatra, being aware that Deschamps, despite his loss of notes, could formally publish a name for the newly discovered genus at any moment, rushed to draft a description to ensure the credit went to a British botanist. This draft description was held in readiness, in case there was word that the French were about to publish, whilst waiting for the British Museum to produce a better-prepared version.

The generic name, Rafflesia (given i n honour of Sir Raffles), proposed by Brown (who had originally wanted to call it Arnoldii) after Joseph Arnold, was validated by S.F. Gray in his report of the June 1820 meeting of the Linnean Society of London, as published in the Annals of Philosophy in September that year. While the species Rafflesia arnoldii was officially described for the first time in 1821 by Brown, so that Arnold was commemorated after all.

Threats and conservation

Many sites where Rafflesia grows are now popular with tourists, who provide an income for local people and also an incentive to preserve the species. Unfortunately, as a result of this ecotourism and the resulting human disturbance, the number of flower buds produced per year has decreased significantly at many sites.